VACANCY ANNOUNCEMENT
Issued on: 8 Sept 2011
ORGANIZATIONAL LOCATION: | UN-HABITAT |
| DUTY STATION: | Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania |
| FUNCTIONAL TITLE: | Climate Change Consultant, Tanzania |
| DURATION: | 28 days spread over 2 months |
| CLOSING DATE: | 15 September 2011 |
BACKGROUND
UN-HABITAT Review of urban planning policies
UN-HABITAT work at local and global level has focused in recent years on developing awareness on urban planning related issues and the relevance of urban planning for sustainable development (ref: Global Report on Human Settlements 2009). In this regard it has supported cities in developing appropriate planning processes and approaches to address critical development issues such as environmental planning and management, enhancement of urban safety, and local economic development. More recently support has been provided on emerging specific issues such as climate change mitigation and adaptation, slum prevention and upgrading, and infrastructure planning and investments in relation to water and sanitation.
Over time, it has been realized from this expansive experience at local level however, that a key hindrance in the institutionalization of innovative approaches is the lack of supportive urban planning policies, legislation and strategies at national and sub-national levels. In this regard the quest for more sustainable urban development has been compromised.
The UN-HABITAT Medium Term Strategic and Institutional Plan (MTSIP) 2008-2013 which is meant to realign the work of UN-HABITAT to support sustainable urbanization, has 6 focus areas. Focus Area 2 which is on participatory planning, management and governance has identified 3 entry points for maximum impact of this focus area. These include: Climate Change, Urban Safety, and Local Economic Development. In this regard an initial review was conducted in 3 pilot countries including Colombia (Urban Safety), Philippines (Climate Change); and Tanzania (Local Economic Development) to assess the extent to which the 3 key areas are mainstreamed in national frameworks and strategies for urban development.
Following the country reviews, three National Expert Group Meetings (EGMs) were held in each country to discuss the study findings, and this was followed by a Global EGM held in Barcelona, Spain from 15-16 March 2011. The Global EGM recommended amongst other things that in addition to the reviews in the three countries being extended to cover the remaining two other sectors identified as pillars/entry points of Focus Area 2 of the MTSIP as noted above, more countries should be included in the pilots to get a fuller and more conclusive picture. In this regard, and following the interest expressed by governments the review is being extended to the remaining two sectors in the pilot countries as follows: Colombia (Climate Change and Local Economic Development); Tanzania (Climate Change and Urban Safety); and Philippines (Urban Safety and Local Economic Development). This Terms of Reference will focus on Climate Change in Tanzania.
2.0 Review of Urban Planning Policy and Legislation with a focus on Climate Change.
Climate Change is one of the defining challenges of our age and one of the priorities of the UN system. Adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change is a key issue for all countries especially the developing countries which are often the most vulnerable and least equipped to defend themselves. The least developed countries, small island developing states, and countries in Africa face the most difficult challenges and urgently need the assistance of the international community in order to successfully safeguard the lives and livelihoods of their peoples, while attaining their development goals.
The future of hundreds of millions of people in urban areas across the world will be affected by the different impacts of rapid urbanization and climate change. The impact will vary depending on the form of settlement, geographical considerations and the nature of the economy. The overall vulnerability of human settlements will increase as confirmed by various scenarios which project that further global warming over the next decades is inevitable.
More than half of the worlds’ population now lives within 60km of the sea, while three quarters of all large cities are located on the coast. Most of the world’s urban population resides in vulnerable areas which are ill-equipped for adaptation, with 1 billion living in slums, and likely to become environmental refugees. It is estimated that in addition to sea level rise, 3 to 4 of every 10 non-permanent houses in cities in developing countries are located in areas prone to floods, landslides and other natural disasters, further exacerbated by climate change.
UN-HABITAT supports national and local authorities in their efforts to cope with impacts of climate change. UN-HABITAT’s work on localized climate change adaptation builds on 15 years of experience and activities in responding to global trends in urbanization and poverty reduction. Working in over 100 cities globally, the sustainable cities and the Localising Agenda 21 programmes have promoted interactive environmental governance and stakeholder participation through environmental planning and management. This approach provides a strong entry point to address climate change at the local level. City consultations have been used as an effective tool by which to mobilize additional stakeholder support in order to reach consensus on key issues, while clarifying the institutional arrangements for follow-up actions, and mobilize political as well as partner support and commitments.
2.2 Climate Change impacts in Tanzania
Kilimanjaro glaciers and snow cover have been retreating (55% of glacier loss between 1962 and 2000. Debate over past and current climate change and ice cap coverage, however, persists. Over the 20th century, the spatial extent of Kilimanjaro’s ice fields has decreased by 80%. It is suggested by some, that if current climatological conditions persist, the remaining ice fields are likely to disappear between 2015 and 2020 (for the first time in 11,000 years). Loss of ‘cloud forests’ since 1976 resulting in 25% annual reductions of water sources derived from fog, affecting annual drinking water of 1 million people living in Kilimanjaro.
Along with warming surface waters, deep water temperatures (which reflect long-term trends) of the large East African lakes (Victoria, Malawi) have warmed by 0.2 to 0.7°C since the early 1900s. Deep tropical lakes are experiencing reduced algal abundance and declines in productivity because stronger stratification reduces upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water. Primary productivity in Lake Tanganyika may have decreased by up to 20% over the past 200 years, and for the East African Rift Valley lakes, recent declines in fish abundance have been linked with climatic impacts on lake ecosystems.
The 1997-1998 coral bleaching observed in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea was coupled to a strong ENSO (an indication of the potential impact of climate-change induced ocean warming on coral reefs). In the western Indian Ocean region, a 30% loss of corals reduced tourism in Mombasa and Zanzibar and resulted in financial losses of about US$ 12-18 million. Mangroves and coral reefs, the main coastal ecosystems in Africa, will likely be affected by climate change. Endangered species associated with these ecosystems, including manatees and marine turtles, could also be at risk, along with migratory birds.
3.0 The Tanzanian Urban Planning Policy and Legislation
3.1 Urban Planning Policy
With support from the UN-HABITAT Sustainable Cities Programme, and other donors, Tanzania has applied the Environmental Planning and Management (EPM) approach in a number of towns after it proved to be successful in Dar-es-Salaam, the pioneer city, in making urban planning more effective. However this approach has not been scaled up because of a lack of supportive national policy and legislation. Recently however, Tanzania has reviewed its national planning legislation but again this review has not taken into account the three pillars of urban sustainability as noted above.
3.2 The Urban Planning Legislation
The current urban planning legislation in Tanzania (The Urban Planning Act – 2006) which is a review of the former Town and Country Planning Ordinance 1950, is limited to land use planning. In this regard there is a two tier land use planning system to guide urban development: A General Planning Scheme and a Detailed Planning Scheme. The purpose of a General Planning Scheme according to the 2006 Urban Planning Act is “to coordinate sustainable development of the area to which it relates in order to promote health, safety, good order, amenity, convenience, and general welfare of such area as well as efficiency and economy in the process of such development”. The Act goes further to stipulate that the purpose of a General Planning Scheme shall be to improve the land and provide for the proper physical development of such land, and to secure suitable provision for transportation, public purposes, utilities and services, commercial, industrial, residential and recreational areas, including parks, open spaces, agriculture and reserves, and for the making of suitable provision for the use of land for building or other purposes. A General Planning Scheme may provide for the planning, re-planning, redevelopment, or reconstructing the whole or part of the area comprised in the Scheme, and for controlling the order, nature and direction of development in such area.
According to the Act, a Planning Scheme will be comprised of:
a) technical report on the conditions, resources and facilities in the area;
b) a statement of policies and proposals with regard to the allocation of resources, and the locations for development within the area;
c) description and analysis of conditions of development in the area as may be necessary to explain and justify the statement of policies and proposals;
d) relevant studies, data and reports concerning the physical development of the area;
e) map and plans showing present and future land uses and development in the area; and
f) any information as the Director of Town Planning may deem necessary.
A Detailed Planning Scheme is prepared within the framework of a General Planning Scheme. Its purpose is to coordinate all development activities, to control the use and development of land including intensive use of urban land and, in particular, vertical and compact urban development. A Detailed Planning Scheme may be long term or short term physical development scheme. A Detailed Planning Scheme is comprised of:
a) a survey in respect of the area to which the Scheme and carried out in a manner as may be prescribed and;
b) maps and descriptions as may be necessary to indicate the manner in which the land in the area may be used..
Such a planning legislation as described above is based on the traditional Master Planning approach to urban planning and hence it is not conducive to sustainable urban planning. Sustainable urban planning requires that issues of economy, ecology and equity are addressed and integrated in the planning framework. Although the Tanzanian legislation purports to promote sustainable urban planning, the approach advocated falls short of achieving that goal.
It is for this reason that UN-HABITAT is looking for a consultant to undertake a review of the urban planning policy and legislation in Tanzania taking climate change as an entry point in an attempt towards integrating this key element of urban sustainability in policy, legislation and strategies.
RESPONSIBILITIES
Duties of the consultant
- Study the UN-HABITAT Medium Strategic and Institutional Plan (MTSIP) and in particular its FA 2 policy paper on planning management and governance
- Develop a conceptual and analytical framework on the links between urban planning and climate change for sustainable urban development The consultant will be required to undertake extensive literature review comprising published and print media, internet searches, review of policy documents, workshop reports etc.
- Analyse the urban planning policy and legislation in Tanzania to identify the extent to which climate change issues have or have not been incorporated.
- Analyse a sample of 2 Master plans which have been prepared recently for what would be most vulnerable cities in the coastal areas of Tanzania to determine the absence or otherwise of climate change considerations in the future development of the cities. The consultant will be expected to pay a particular attention to the recently completed new Kigamboni Master Plan and the new Master Plan for the city of Dar-es-Salaam which is underway.
- Develop a questionnaire for national and local stakeholders based on the above analysis in order to get their thoughts concerning the future of integrating Climate Change management elements on Urban Planning Policy and Legislation. The questionnaire will also review the experiences of local climate change management plans in selected areas such as the Dar-es-Salaam and Zanzibar (Unguja) coastal areas.
- Analyse the questionnaire and develop a matrix which shows potential areas for introducing climate change management elements in the urban policy and legislative processes
- Produce a report of no less than 25 pages 1.5 spacing, font of 12, A4 size. The report will include the methodology used for the analyses, the findings, conclusions and recommendations. In this regard, it will underscore the extent to which climate change has or hasn’t been mainstreamed in urban planning policy and legislation, case studies of some practical urban planning work where climate change considerations have been the main objective, opportunities and challenges which exist for addressing climate change concerns at the local urban level. The report should also propose areas for further work by the UN-HABITAT in supporting this initiative in Tanzania.
- Organise a National Expert Group Meeting in Tanzania to review the report and make their comments and suggestions.
- Revise the study report in the light of the comments and suggestions from the national expert group meeting and produce a final report for submission to UN-HABITAT.
Outputs
OUTPUT 1: First analytical report on the problems, issues and recommendations for integrating climate change management elements national and local planning frameworks in Tanzania for presentation to a National Expert Group Meeting.
OUTPUT 2: Final Report of the review of planning policy and legislation in Tanzania taking Climate Change as entry point for submission to the UN-HABITAT.
Reports will be written in English, and presented in hard and soft copy. Materials collected and referenced will also be made available to UN-HABITAT.
COMPETENCIES (maximum of five)
(1) Planning and Organising (2) Communication (3) Teamwork (4) Accountability (5) Creativity.
EDUCATION
The consultant selected will have a degree in social sciences and will have experience in the work of UN-HABITAT. Specific knowledge of the UN-HABITAT urban planning work such as the Sustainable Cities Programme (SUDP), the City Development Strategies (CDS), the Lake Victoria Strategic Spatial Planning Programme, the Somalia Strategic Urban Development Programme will be an added advantage.
WORK EXPERIENCE
Solid working experience in one of the fields with a mimimum of five years in that field. In addition, good working knowledge on at least one or two of the other required aspects.
LANGUAGE SKILLS
English is mandatory the required local language would be an advantage.
OTHER SKILLS
Good research skills and good communication skills.
REMUNERATION
Payment schedule
Activity | Duration | Cost Implications (US$) | Total |
| A: Output 1. Acquisition of background knowledge to the consultancy Activity 1: Study the policy paper on Focus area 2 of the UN-HABITAT Medium Strategic and Institutional Plan (MTSIP) Activity 2: Undertake a thorough review of the literature at UN-HABITAT and from other sources on the links between climate change and sustainable urban development |
2 days
3 days |
2*315
3*315 |
630
945 |
| Sub-Total | 5 days |
| 1,575 |
| B: Output 2: Draft report incorporating an analysis of the adequacy of the Tanzania urban planning policy and legislation in addressing climate change as a way towards sustainable urban development Activity 1: Study the Urban Planning Act 2006 document Activity 2: Develop a questionnaire and carry out in-depth discussions with key stakeholders on the extent to which the Urban Planning policy and legislation, and the implementation of urban plans are capable of addressing climate change. A special focus in these discussions will be on key officials in the ministry of Lands and Human settlements, the Tanzania Association of Planners, the Architectural Association of Tanzania, the Tanzanian institute of surveyors, and Tanzania Urban Planning Training and Research institutions. Activity 3: Prepare a preliminary report and discuss the same with the Director of Urban Planning and other stakeholders that may be suggested by the Director. Activity 4: Firm up the draft report by incorporating any comments and suggestions received from the meeting with the Director of urban planning and other stakeholders |
1 day
10 days
4 days
2 days |
1*315
10*315
4*315
2*315 |
315
3,150
1,260
630 |
| Sub-Total | 17 days |
| 5,355 |
C: Output 3: Report for submission to UNHABITATActivity 1: Organize and present the draft report to a national expert group meeting Activity 2: Finalize the draft report by incorporating comments and suggestions received from the national expert group meeting | 3 days 3 days |
3 *315 3*315 |
945 945 |
| Sub-Total | 6 days | 1,890 | |
|
GRAND TOTAL |
28 DAYS |
8,820 |
13.0 Mode of Payment
Payments will be made in two payments as follows:
1st Payment: 50% of the consultancy sum after production of the draft report for presentation to a national expert group meeting
2nd Payment: 50% of the consultancy sum after production of a final report acceptable to
Payments will be based on deliverables over the consultancy period. There are set remuneration rates for consultancies. The rate is determined by functions performed and experience of the consultant. The fees will be paid as per agreement.
| Applications should include:
All applications should be submitted to: Please be advised that since April 15th 2010, applicants for consultancies must be part of the Deadline for applications: 15 September 2011 UN-HABITAT does not charge a fee at any stage of the recruitment process. If you have any questions concerning persons or companies claiming to be recruiting on behalf of these offices and requesting the payment of a fee, please contact: recruitment@unon.org |
Climate Change Consultant,(Tanzania), DEADLINE: 15 September 2011
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