1. Background
The four ESA-IO regional organizations (ROs), COMESA, EAC, IGAD and IOC, are mandated by their Member States to jointly prepare and implement a common RSP/RIP under both the 9th and the 10th EDF. The 9th EDF/RSP-RIP covered the period from 2003 to 2007 and was signed in Kampala on 19 November 2002; while the 10th EDF/RSP-RIP covers the period from 2008 to 2013 and was signed on 15 November 2008 in Strasbourg, France.
IGAD as a beneficiary of the 10th EDF is implementing a programme under the Regional Political Integration and Human Security Support programme (RPIHSSP) jointly with EAC and COMESA.
Political integration, good governance and human security are integral components to achieving successful economic integration. The ESA-IO integration agendas are presently at different stages of free trade area, customs union, common market and monetary union. For all these stages to be agreed upon and implemented, it requires high levels of political will, ownership and strong governance and coordination of the regional integration efforts. In addition dedicated efforts would also be required to address the negative effects of migration particularly those arising from displacement of human populations engendered from civil strife.
The critical challenges of the political integration and human security agenda in the ESA-IO region relate to non-adoption, -adaptation and lack of enforcement of international and continental governance and human rights commitments and rule of law principles.
While most ESA-IO countries are party to UN and regional conventions and declarations on human rights, serious concerns remain with regard to protection of the vulnerable groups in particular women and children, treatment of migrant population and displaced persons arising from conflicts or professionals in search of economic opportunities. Human rights are further exacerbated by the high poverty levels and ravages of diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria, food insecurity, etc.
Notwithstanding underlying issues of capacity and willingness the slow implementation of the existing instruments is attributed to lack of an effective follow-up, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to review progress in implementation and set specific milestones for achievement by all the Member States.
The RPIHSSP is based on the constitutive instruments of the participating RECs and the national constitutions of the participating countries that guarantee and promote human rights and security, justice and in part democracy. The same instruments are aligned to the AU and
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international UN commitments. Towards this end a number of initiatives have been implemented at the global, regional and national level to entrench principles of good governance, democracy, human rights and security and management of displaced persons. In order to harmonise, coordinate and ensure complementarity of addressing common issues across shared memberships of the RECs, institutionalised partnership with AU and international organisations in the field of political governance and human rights have been embraced. Other complementary ongoing programmes at continental level are covered under the ACP Migration Facility, ACP-EU Partnership on Migration, and management of IDPs in the Great Lakes region. The global initiatives are covered under the UN Universal Declaration on Human Rights.
IGAD is in the process of developing elaborate structures for migration and human displacement mechanisms. AU in Banjul in 2006: under its decision EX .CL/Dec.304 (ix) adopted the migration policy framework for Africa as a basic guideline and reference document for the RECs and Member States to develop their own regional and national migration policies and none of the RECs have done so including IGAD. The IGAD Strategy espouses similar sentiments with regard to peace and security, human rights and governance but from the perspective of migration and displacements, conflict management and resettlement of displaced persons, natural resource management and food security.
1.1 THE OVERALL, SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE
The objective of the Regional Political Integration and Human Security Support Programme (RPIHSSP) is
• to support the ESA – IO Regional Organisations (ROs) political integration agenda with the end result of improving the political governance, transparency, democratisation processes, security, stability, and sustainable development of the region through
strategic inter-regional cooperation. The ultimate achievement is poverty reduction and improved welfare of the peoples of the region.
Phase I (Preparatory Phase) of the programme described hereby will focus on all the necessary identification/scoping of work in the different result areas. In addition, a limited number of activities that are mature will be implemented.
This will be done through undertaking baseline surveys that will determine the state of play of the political integration/cooperation process in the ESA region and in particular the status-quo and requirements for building a coherent regional view on the concept of good governance, management of public resources and forced displacements, establishing regional migration policies and overall capacity building in the areas of democracy, governance and migration management.
Conflicts and bad governance in the IGAD region have had negative consequences with significant forced migration and displacement of persons. Notable among them include the Ethiopian / Eritrean war, the Ogaden war between Ethiopia and Somalia, the conflict in Darfur
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in Sudan, as well as the recent elections in Kenya resulting in massive internal displacement and refugees fleeing for their lives across international borders and requiring international protection. Furthermore, the border and migration management regimes in East African are weak, characterized by porous borders, inadequately trained and ill-equipped staff, and minimal regional and cross-regional technical cooperation. IGAD for example proposes activities that include development of the IGAD Regional Migration Policy framework to inspire its member states to develop their national migration policies. This compliments the AU declarations on migration, Refugees, IDPs and returnees, and other specific initiatives such as the AU campaign to combat the traffic of human beings.
In this framework, migratory pressure from African countries to Europe represents a growing phenomenon and a major migration management challenge in the short, medium and long term. There are several irregular immigrants within the East and Southern Africa region including the Horn of Africa. Most of these migrants are undocumented and undertake migration for various economic, political as well as environmental reasons. Irregular migrants in search of economic opportunities use the Horn of Africa and Northern African countries as their transit point’s en-route to Europe and other destinations in the Gulf and Western industrialised countries.
While the issue of irregular migration is perceived as a major potential threat to security, it should nevertheless be addressed in the framework of a broader concept of migration management. The presence of important Eastern-African Diasporas in high or middle income countries could be used as a tool to boost the development of their countries of origin by a wide range of actions such as facilitating the transfer of remittances, enhancing the involvement of Diaspora, favouring productive return migration and developing strategies to avoid brain-drain, especially in the health and education sectors. The high level of intra-regional mobility might also be a tool for better development, by strengthening the possibilities of labour migration and circular/seasonal migration.
There are a lot of continental decisions and frameworks on migration but not much is going on in terms of translating these policy decisions into concrete programme activities.
1.2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
The Methodology of the baseline survey on migration routes in the ESA region will involve a review of studies done on migration routes covering the Horn, east and Southern Africa, visit to identified border posts used by migrants in the ESA region as well as interviews with regular and if possible irregular migrants on the identified routes.
Taking into consideration that migrants’ changes routes often, the consultant will also hold interviews with organizations working on migration including but not limited to UNHCR, IOM, Danish Refugee Council, Norwegian Refugee council and others that may have information on migratory routes; to establish emerging routes and the experiences of these organizations.
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The consultant will be required to outline the indicative approach that shall be followed by providing an elaborate outline for existing and proposed routes for study during the initial submission of the proposal in response to the TORs for this consultancy.
1.3 SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES OF THE CONTRACT/CONSULTANCY
The consultant will be expected to produce a well documented/researched study the migration routes in the ESA region identifying the reasons why these routes are used, profile of migrants using these routes, countries of origin, transit and destination and the nature of the migration (regular or irregular). The consultant will be required to undertake the following specific activities:-
• Establish and comprehensively map the migration routes in the ESA region (covering the Eastern, Horn of Africa and Southern routes). Special attention will be paid to emerging ports/routes of departure/arrival
• Establish the nature of migrations taking place in the identified routes (whether regular or irregular).
• Profile the migrants using these routes (where they are from, preferred/intended countries of destination etc)
• Examine the reasons why these routes continue to be used by migrants (proximity to countries of origin/destination, accessibility etc)
• Assess the border management procedures, practices, capacities and challenges at ports of entry identified in the mapping
• Assess the links that may exist between countries of origin and those of transit including the means of transportation, communication.
• Establish and analyze the intergovernmental and interagency cooperation mechanisms in place that address the needs of the migrants using the mapped routes.
The consultant will be required to:-
1. Visit select ESA member states and conduct extensive consultations with relevant Government Ministries/Institutions, RECS focal points and migration sector stakeholders with a view to gathering the necessary data and information. The proposed scope of research would include the following countries with multiple locations within each country, Djibouti (mostly transit), Kenya (source and transit), Ethiopia, Malawi, RSA, and Tanzania. Locations would include border crossings, urban centers and major transportation hubs.
2. Present the draft baseline survey on the migration routes in the ESA region in a workshop for RECs in the ESA region and other relevant stakeholders in migration.
1.4 THE CONSULTANCY OUTPUTS &OUTCOMES
The outputs of the consultancy of the migration routes in the ESA region will include
1. A well researched comprehensive mapping of the migration routes in the ESA region with detail as outlined in 1.3
2. An elaborate Action Plan on how to improve migration management on the identified routes.
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3. A final report on the migration routes in the ESA region after the regional validation workshop. By the end of this study, IGAD member states and other stakeholders
• Will be aware of the migration routes in the ESA region and the migration trends and challenges on these routes.
• Member states will be able to use this information to improve migration management practices in their countries as cross border issues are addressed jointly.
1.6 ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS
• That the required data and information on migration routes in the ESA region will be available from states, migrants on these routes and stakeholders.
• That the ESA member states identified for the study, migrants on the routes identified and other stakeholders will cooperate.
1.7 THE CONSULTANCY TIMEFRAME
The consultant will be required to undertake the exercise within 20 days and produce the outcomes and outputs as outlined above.
The consultant may wish to distribute the workload and time available in all the activities stipulated hereunder in the TORs of the consultancy between the member states, consultative meetings and interviews, and drafting of the report as deemed appropriate but with consultations with the IGAD Secretariat.
1.7 CONSULTANT(S) QUALIFICATIONS
The consultant(s) should possess working experience in the IGAD region and/or having worked with the other regional integration organizations. Preference will be given to individuals or organizations with proven relevant experience in undertaking a task of similar magnitude, and shall preferably among others, have the following qualifications and experience:-
1. Should preferably be a national of one of the ESA member states.
2. Possess at least an LLM. Degree or an M.A degree in Social sciences, International Relation) with specialization in regional integration.
3. At least 10 years of professional working experience at national or regional levels on regional integration matters. Adequate knowledge and exposure to Regional Economic Communities (RECs), and migration and regional cooperation initiatives will be required.
4. Fluency in English. Knowledge of French will be an added advantage.
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5. Strong computer skills and analytical skills with ability to write and review technical reports will be required.
6. Proven track record to work in a multi-cultural and multi-disciplinary environment is necessary.
1.8 LOCATION
The consultancy will be coordinated from the IGAD Secretariat Headquarters in Djibouti.
1.9 SUBMISSION OF APPLICATIONS Applications should be submitted to:
THE PROGRAMME MANAGER, HEALTH AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
IGAD SECRETARIAT
AVENUE GEORGES CLEMENCEAU
P.O. BOX 2653
DJIBOUTI, REPUBLIC OF DJIBOUTI
Tel: 253-354050/Fax: 253 356994
E-mail: igad@igad.int
TERMS OF REFERENCE (TORs) FOR A STUDY OF THE MIGRATION ROUTES IN THE ESA REGION
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